Groundnut is also called as wonder nut and poor mens cashew nut. Late leaf spot lls caused by phaeoisariopsis personata is the major foliar disease that reduces the pod yield and severely affects the fodder and seed quality in groundnut. However, the incidence and severity of each disease varies between localities and seasons, and there can be. While being a valuable source of all the nutrients, it is a lowpriced commodity. Glasshouse and field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of a talcbased powder formulation of pseudomonas fluorescens strain pf1 in controlling groundnut leaf spot cercosporidium personatum and rust puccinia arachidis. The present study therefore aimed at screening the peanut mini core collection to identify potential sources of resistance to. Marimuthu abstract late leaf spot incited by cercosporidium personatum is the serious disease in groundnut. When groundnut is used for oil production, the residue material byproduct left after oil has been extracted known as groundnut meal or groundnut cake is a useful proteinrich animal feed for pig, dairy, poultry and other types of livestock. Early and late leaf spot of groundnut africa soil health consortium. Asanga university of yaounde i, faculty of science, department of plant biology, p. Inheritance of resistance to lls disease was studied in three crosses and their reciprocals involving two resistant interspecific derivatives and a susceptible cultivar to refine strategy for lls. Pdf management of cercospora leaf spot of groundnut. Early leaf spot typically causes brown lesions spots on. Hassan and beute 1977 used several disease evaluation methods for early leaf spot, and concluded that a visual estimate of percentage of leaves with leaf spots was an efficient evaluation method when large numbers of entries are to be tested.
Early and late leaf spots, caused by the fungi mycosphaerella arachidis and. As the spots enlarge, concentric rings develop within the lesions, which are often surrounded by a yellow halo, leading to severe defoliation. Genetic variability, heritability for late leaf spot. Sporulation mainly occurs on upper leaf surface and turn to reddish brown colour. With the publication ofthis new bulletin on early and late leaf spots, groundnut workers are now. What appears to be a pedicel is actually an elongated hypanthium. Integrated management of late leaf spot and rust diseases. Groundnut is susceptible to a large number of fungal, viral and bacterial diseases, though all of them may not be economically important roy and shiyani 2000, dhandhalya and shiyani, 2009.
Early and late leaf spot disease of groundnut caused by cercospora arachidicola. The leaf spot disease caused by the former is more common, dangerous and does greater damage than the latter. Oval to elongate spots similar to early leaf spot are also formed on stems and pegs. Tikka disease is the major disease of groundnut in india. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides and their doses on cercospora leaf spot of groundnut. The present experiment was conducted in mali to study the genetic variability and correlation of early leaf spot els resistance parameters and agromorphological traits in groundnut using two f3 populations from crosses qh243c x nama and ts321 x nama. Abstract the leaf spot or tikka disease cercospora arachidicola and cercosporidium personatum of groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Diseaseforecasting method for groundnut leaf spot diseases. Productivity of this crop in the farmer level is low due to many factors. Groundnut, recombinant inbred lines, variability, heritability, late eaf spot and pod yield plant. Pdf epidemiology of the groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Both early and late leaf spots are commonly present wherever groundnut is grown. Differences in farmer responses were evaluated using chisquare test. During the early stages, lesions are prominent on the upper surfaces of leaflets.
There is no uniform method for assessing leaf spot resistance. Control of leaf spot disease caused by cercospora sp on. Late leaf spot phaeoisariopsis personata infection peanutbase. Early on, peanuts were viewed as an inferior food used mainly for feeding hogs to produce soft pork the civil war marked a turning point for the peanut as both sides used it as a source of food history of us peanut production.
Hori is a major fungal pathogen that causes early leaf spot in peanut arachis hypogaea l. Alternaria leaf spot is caused by the fungus alternaria brassicae, and the disease can cause severe damage to cabbage if left uncontrolled. Diallel analysis of early leaf spot cercospora arachidicola hori. Groundnut is the second most important pulse crop in indonesia and the most important one in the semiarid region of east nusa tenggara province. Genetic variability, heritability for late leaf spot tolerance and productivity traits in a recombinant inbred line population of groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Genetic analysis and developmental cycles 584 given by x t. In most cases, farmers find it difficult to clearly differentiate between symptoms of early and late leaf spot of groundnut. Plant disease is the leading international journal for rapid reporting of research on new, emerging, and established plant diseases. In uttar pradesh, the disease is locally known as chitwa or haldai. The yield loss of 1570 per cent in groundnut is reported due to leaf spot. The groundnut plant produces runners horizontal stems which in turn produce flowers at each node.
Knowledge bank early and late leaf spot on groundnut. A weather generator and a crop simulation model of bambara groundnut bamnut were incorporated into a geographical information system gis to predict, for the first time, bambara groundnut production for the world. Five different fungicides chlorothalonil, propineb, mancozeb, nativo and triazole having three different doses. Late leaf spot attack is usually seen along with rust disease. Peanut, arachis hypogaea, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family fabaceae grown for its oil and edible nuts. Apois americana, also called wild bean and potato bean, the. Pdf various fungal diseases reduce groundnut yield but cercospora leaf spot commonly called, tikka disease is most detrimental one. Early leaf spot els is one of the major biotic constraints of. Groundnut breeding program in burkina faso gets a boost with seven new improved groundnut varieties 20 dec 2019 more than 20 years after the last groundnut seed variety was registered in the seed catalog, the groundnut breeding program in west. Trivedi1 1department of botany, mohanlal sukhadia university, udaipur, rajasthan, india corresponding author. The detrimental effects of leaf spot are threefold. Distribution the geographical distribution of the leaf spot pathogens is indicated in figures 2 and 3.
Among the diseases, early leaf spot caused by cercospora arachidicola s. Jbar 08010214 biological control of leaf spot of groundnut. The experiment was conducted in rcbd design having three replicates with a plot size of 2. The genotypes were scored at 05 scale one week before harvest against both the. Recommended groundnut production practices for smallholder farmers in uganda. Peanut groundnut diseases and pests, description, uses. This joint ibpgricrisat publication, in the ibpgr internationally accepted format, is a revision of the original and revised descriptor lists for groundnut published in 1981 and 1985, respectively. Late leaf spot the comparisons of early and late leaf spot of groundnut. Morphoanatomical characterization of groundnut genotypes. Late leaf spot phaeoisariopsis personata infection. It is generally distributed in the tropical, subtropical and warm temperate zones. Genetic analysis of rust and late leaf spot in advanced generation 1 5 d mcdonald, p subrahmanyam, r w gibbons and d h smith 1985, early and late leaf spot of groundnut.
Cercospora leaf spots caused by cercospora arachidicola and cercosporidium personatum are the most widespread diseases of groundnut that result in severe yield losses in ethiopia. The study concluded that plant extracts can effectively control cercospora leaf spot disease of groundnut and its causative organisms. In north carolina, leaf spot control is necessary to prevent defoliation and yield loss on all peanut cultivars. Late leaf spot lls and rust are two major foliar diseases of peanut that often occur together leading to 5070% yield loss in the crop.
Pseudomonas fluorescens for the late leaf spot of groundnut. Pdf integrated management of cercospora leaf spots of. It is the major oilseed crop in india and in andhra pradesh. Masses of spores are produced on the spots, but a hand lens, or better still a microscope, is needed to see them. The system is based on the effects of daily minimum air temperature and duration of relative humidity equal to or greater than 95% on development of leaf spot epidemics. In some countries, the cake from domestic oil pressing is ground into flour and used in human foods. This was not known in the old world before the discovery of america. Figure 1 shows severe damage to groundnut crops caused by early leaf spot in the usa and malawi, and by the combined attack of late leaf spot and rust in india. Analysis of crop loss in the multiple pathosystem groundnutrustlate.
Symptoms of late leaf spot smaller spots and more nearly circular than early leaf sot lesion 1 to 6 mm in dia. Control of leaf spot disease caused by cercospora sp on groundnut arachis hypogaea using methanolic extracts of yellow oleander thevetia peruviana. The leaves are arranged in alternate pairs and have leaf like attachments near the stalk. Early and late leaf spots, caused respectively by cercospora arachidicola and phaeoisariopsis personata until recently known as cercosporidium personatum, are the most common and serious diseases of groundnut, worldwide. Cercospora leaf spot infected leaves collected from the. Field trials were conducted at babile and dire dawa to evaluate the effect of integrated use of host resistance and fungicides on the temporal epidemics of leaf spots and yield of groundnut. Oct, 2016 how to differentiate early and late leaf spot of groundnut, icrisat resources, tikka diseas, cercospora leaf spot of groundnut, plant pathology channel. Late leaf spot lls, phaeoisariopsis personata and rust puccinia arachidis are the two major biotic constraints of groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Control of leaf spot disease caused by cercospora sp on groundnut arachis hypogaea using methanolic extracts of yellow oleander thevetia peruviana seeds z. Thrips, leaf miner aproaerema modicella deventer, tobacco caterpillar spodoptera litura fabricius and white grubs holotrichia spp. Pdf biological control of leaf spot of groundnut semantic scholar. In this article we will discuss about the history and uses of groundnut. Severe damage to a groundnut crop caused by early leaf spot in the usa a and malawi b, and by a.
A total of 25 groundnut genotypes were evaluated during 200001, 200102 and 20022003 against leaf spot and rust diseases to select resistant sources. Screening of groundnut genotypes for leaf spots and rust resistance. Pdf management of late leaf spot of groundnut by different. Early leaf spot of peanut is caused by the fungus cercospora arachidicola. Diseases such as rust, early leaf spot, late leaf spot and bacterial wilt can cause considerable yield loss. Department of genetics and plant breeding, uas, dharwad, karnataka, india. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of sowing dates and varieties on disease intensity. Ethnological studies of the major indian tribes of south america document the widespread culture of groundnut and provide indirect evidence for its domestication long before the spanish conquest. Groundnut or peanut is an important legume nut known for its multifarious uses including oil production, direct human consumption as food and also animal consumption in the form of hay, silage and. To identify economic and ecofriendly disease management options, we evaluated extracts of 38 plant spp. It is one of the most important food and cash crops of our country. Early and late leaf spots are the most common and important peanut diseases. In the present study, a lls susceptible genotype tmv 2 and the lls resistant genotype cog 0437 were crossed and their.
The groundnut is particularly valued for its protein content 26%. Leaf spot symptoms appear at 3036 days after sowing and increase in intensity up to harvest time. It occurs in every state in india and in every ground of nutgrowing countries of the world. Small, light brown, circular to irregular lesions appear on the lower leaves of young plants. Out of all fungicides used, nativo, was the most effective. Cercospora leaf spot disease is a disease caused by fungi on leaves of groundnut. Resistance to late leaf spot and rust diseases in icrisat.
The groundnut or peanut is one of the important legume crops of tropical and semiarid tropical countries, where it provides a major source of edible oil and vegetable protein. Morphoanatomical characterization of groundnut genotypes showing differential reaction to late leaf spot pathogen r. Rabiu olatinwo, gerrit hoogenboom, in integrated pest management, 2014. Peanut plants are small, usually erect, thin stemmed plants with featherlike leaves. Ridomil was used as a positive check while the control was left untreated. Bhat2, annapurna chitikineni1, pasupuleti janila1, baozhu guo3 and rajeev k. In our present study five different fungicides were used to control cercospora leaf spot of groundnut. Genetic analysis of resistance to late leaf spot in. Various fungal diseases reduce groundnut yield but cercospora leaf spot commonly called, tikka disease is most detrimental one. Groundnut flowers are typically papilionaceous and zygomorphic with a reduced pedicle. These flowers selfpollinate and produce an anchor or peg which penetrates the ground. The single sepal is juxtaposed to the keel while the the other four are fused except at their tips 5 flower structure 6. Study of the interactions between diseases and crop intensification in factorial experiments. Zahran 1,2natural products department, national center for radiation research and technology, nasr city,cairo, egypt.
Groundnut, any of several plants that bear edible fruit or other nutlike parts. Symptoms, cause, types, pathogen description, and management options. Variability and correlations among groundnut populations. Environmental conditions required for both types of leaf spot are warm temperatures and long periods of high humidity or leaf wetness. The yield loss of 1570 per cent in groundnut is reported due to leaf spot, rust and. The leaf spot or tikka disease cercospora arachidicola and cercosporidium personatum of groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Genetic analysis of rust and late leaf spot in advanced. Microscopic examination is needed to tell early from late leaf spot. The causal organism of tikka disease are the species of the genus cercospora namely cercospora arachidicola and cercospora personata. This is gradually overtaken by late leaf spot, which produces more spores and more loss of leaves as the crop matures. Tikka disease cause epidemics in all groundnut crop growing countries including united states, china, india etc.
Farmers knowledge and perceptions of leaf spot disease of. Late leaf spot and leaf rust are the most significant diseases of groundnut that can cause considerable yield losses. Groundnut kernels contain 4753% oil and 2536% protein. The topsoil must thus have a low clay content less than 20% with a loose.
Management of cercospora leaf spot of groundnut by using systemic fungicides 101 discussion fungicides are used on different crops to control fungal pathogens in the world. A diseaseforecasting method for groundnut leaf spot diseases was developed in georgia in 1966. Tikka disease of groundnut is a disease which also refers to leaf spot disease. Late leaf spot lls phaeoisariopsis personata and rust puccinia arachidis are major foliar diseases of peanut causing significant losses worldwide. The symptoms of lls are circular and darker spots appear on the lower surface of the leaves and also forms in stems and pegs resulting in severe yield loss to the groundnut. Three are members of the family fabaceae or leguminosae. Management management of early and late leaf spot of groundnut is the. Pepper spot leptosphaerulina crassiasca pepper spot is a minor foliar disease of peanuts and does not appear to cause significant yield loss. Identification and infusion of resistance into peanut cultivars is important in the management of these diseases. Madhusudhan reddy4 24department of genetics and plant breeding. The symptoms of lls are circular and darker spots appear on the lower surface of the leaves and also forms in stems and pegs resulting in severe yield loss to the groundnut growers. The effect of different methods of application of pseudomonas fluorescens pf1 in managing late leaf spot of groundnut was assessed under greenhouse condition.
An initiative from the groundnut industry initiated the 20162017 national groundnut cultivar evaluation where current locally registered cultivars from different companies as well as some breeding lines from the arc was tested within the groundnut production areas of south africa. Yield losses are generally substantial when the crop is attacked by both leaf spots and rust puccinia arachidis speg. Aug 11, 2015 introduction groundnut is the most important oilseed crop of india. Initial symptoms are small circular, dark spots on the surface of older leaves. Late leaf spot lls, caused by phaeoisariopsis personata, is an important foliar fungal disease of groundnut arachis hypogaea l. Composition by weight of biomolecules in peanuts 6.
Molecular markers linked with lls can improve the process of identification of resistant genotypes. Biological control of groundnut late leaf spot and rust by. Efficacy of plants extracts on cercospora leaf spot. Management of late leaf spot of groundnut by different fungicides and their impact on yield article pdf available in plant pathology journal 122. Reusable learning object rlo of groundnut from icrisat scientists. It is a major problem, although traditional farmers in sierra leone consider spots on groundnut as signs of maturity. The groundnut pod is produced underground at the tip of the pegs. In fact there are two leaf spot diseases of groundnut caused by two different species of form genus cercospora namely, c. Introduction information and library network centre.
However, it occurs on susceptible varieties, particularly in years when leaf spot is not. Estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation revealed high value for pod yield, kernel yield, and. Vishwakarma1, yaduru shasidhar1, vinay kumar1, vanika garg1, ramesh s. The total area under ground nut is about 8 million hectares. Two types of symptoms are produced and are known as. Efficacy of some plant extracts in the management of. The journal publishes papers that describe translational and applied research focusing on practical aspects of disease diagnosis, development, and management in agricultural and horticultural crops. Protective fungicides having curative action difenconazole at the rate 0.
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